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The city walls, along with buildings, tumbled, and the city burnt to the ground. This city was destroyed on a similar timescale as Tall el-Hammam. Tall el-Hammam was not the only city to be destroyed that day.Ģ2 km to the west lay the city of Jericho. “Otherwise, the object would have hit the ground and created a large crater like Meteor Crater in Arizona.” Allen West of the Comet Research Group, one of the authors of the study, explains. It is unlikely to be much larger than this though, Dr. This meteor likely would have been between 60 and 75 m across, putting it at potentially larger than the bolide that exploded in the Tunguska event. The authors used the online Impact Calculator to simulate a meteor approaching Tall el-Hammam. Either one could cause the level of destruction seen.
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This meteor could have hit the city itself or nearby, or could have exploded in the air, like the Tunguska meteor in 1908 over Siberia. Of the 17 types of observations they made, there was only one event that fit all the data - a meteor.Ī meteor - either an impact or an airburst, fit the data at Tall el-Hammam. The authors looked at all sorts of natural disasters, from widespread city fires to volcanism to lightning. Earthquakes could have led to fires, but could not explain the high-temperature melting of minerals. Tornadoes are rare in the area, and it would be difficult to imagine how a tornado could cause the extent of damage seen in human bones. Warfare seemed unlikely, as there was no other archeological evidence of spearpoints or other weapons. The researchers of the study looked at several things that could account for the destruction. With a population of about 8,000 people, it was the largest city in the region.īut around 1650 B.C.E, that came to an end. What could have caused this level of destruction?ģ,600 years ago, the city of Tall el-Hammam was a bustling metropolis. He goes on to explain how these spherules were formed. “Vaporized limestone plaster then quickly cooled in the air to form the numerous calcium carbonate spherules.” Other spherules found were formed of iron or silica.
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Christopher Moore, a scientist at the Savannah River Archaeological Research Program at the South Carolina Institute of Archaeology and Anthropology and author on the study. “Extreme high temperatures (>1500 C) melted limestone plaster applied to the walls (mainly in the Palace area),” says Dr. Some of these consist of calcium carbonate. The spherules, tiny sand-sized balls of melted material, are particularly interesting. (Photo by: Universal History Archive/Universal Images Group via Getty Images) Universal Images Group via Getty Images directionality was also seen in the debris in Tall el-Hammam. In the cosmic airburst of Tunguska in 1908, fallen trees all lay in the same direction.